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Linear causality of cause and effect is just a part of nonlinear causality, which is a causal interaction or interactive causality. The future is always harking back as a feedback and reaction, creating nonlinear complex structures, systems and processes.Īll nonlinear dynamic systems, hurricanes, financial crises, animal stampedes, or the development of cities and civilizations, are examples of processes driven by nonlinear causality, as a self-reinforcing cause and effect. Sometimes the causal links are obvious, and most times undiscovered, unmeasurable or untraceable.īut the interconnections are there, and often affect us in ways we may never know. reasoning, understanding, and action, human or machine.Ĭausal models, rules and relationships are the master models and algorithms for artificial intelligence, machine learning, artificial neural networks and deep learning.Įverything is interconnected to everything else.Įverything in the world is interconnected. The physical world or universe is the totality of all matter and energy, space and time all that is, has been, and will be, all governed by causal interactions, as fundamental forces, gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak.Ĭausation gives deep structures and ordering to mind, intelligence, learning, inference, cognition. The world is the totality of all entities, structured by nonlinear causation, or interactions. The interrelationships of microscales and macroscale are determined by the top-down and bottom-up causation.Ĭausality is the universal interrelationship, which is a symmetric productive correlative relationship, X causes Y if and only if Y causes X. There are no uncaused things or changes in the world.Ĭausality gives structure or order to everything in the world, from the microworld to the macroworld.Ĭausation determines the hierarchical structure of world, its entities, processes and relationships, as well as its data, information and knowledge.Ĭausation is reverting, reversing, reacting, and going backwards, creating dynamic backward loops and causal circuits, complex control systems and nonlinear processes.Ĭausation flows in bottom-up ways, from micro to macro scales, as causal emergency, and vice versa, in top-down ways, from macro to macro scales, as causal control. The universe consists of substances (objects), states (qualities and quantities) and changes (actions, evets, processes) standing in causal interrelationships.Ĭausation is the master principle and prime force of the universe. The convolution in continuous-time is a commutative operation, i.e.The world is the whole of reality, all and everything that was, is and will be, the totality of entities and interrelations. In this article, we will highlight some of the important properties of an LTI The impulse response of an LTI system is very important because it can completely determine the characteristics of an LTI system. Hence, the properties followed by the continuous time convolution are also followed by the LTI system.
![linear causality linear causality](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/M-Ali-Sotoudeh/publication/272376553/figure/tbl3/AS:668366306025481@1536362353445/Panel-linear-causality-test-results_Q640.jpg)
It takes the form of convolution integral. Properties of LTI SystemĪ continuous-time LTI system can be represented in terms of its unit impulse A system for which the principle of superposition and the principle of homogeneity are valid and the input/output characteristics do not with time is called the linear time invariant (LTI) system.